Second language acquisition is when a child or adult has already become

Second language acquisition is when a child or adult has already become competent at a language and then attempts to learn ano. Comment to the language teaching method, combine with your own learning experience, choose one or more teaching methods that you think is the best. Second language acquisition is when a child or adult has already become competent at a language and then attempts to learn another. The goal of learning language is for communication and exchanging message. There are numerous of methods have been used to teach a second language: direct method, communicative method, (indirect) grammar-translated method, reading method and audio-lingual (audio-visual) method, etc. Normally, teacher does not use one single method, although he/she may have a leaning towards certain aspects of particular one. He/She may use a combination of methods, in order to successfully achieve the goal. For the direct method, it is also known as Natural/ Phonetical method. It is based on the belief that knowing a language for speaking purpose. Writing, printed note or word and learning of grammar are avoided because they hinder the acquisition of good oral proficiency. But it is not the real case. Rejecting printed word; focusing only on oral aspect of language would resist the development of other language skill. A good language learner should acquaint oneself with writing, reading, listening and speaking all four skills. And the communicative method, it is quite similar to the direct method. It also focuses on language as a medium of communication. But it is more systematical and not limited to the practice of oral skills, but all four-skills area. In fact, it recognizes that disregard of grammatical form... ... others fluently. Direct method is the best to use for putting the learner of a forward progress. All kinds of teaching methods should all have their strength and weakness. They are invented to suit to use in the period of time. But gradually, disadvantages are discovered. There is never a method that should not be applied; it can really help learners to learn the second language. Never just to blame for the teaching method and the fault’s of the teacher, if it is unsuccessful to learn a language. Student’s attitudes towards language should also be positive, patient, eager to learn and not to be shy of making mistakes. Learning from mistakes is a precious experience of learning. With a combination of suitable teaching method, good teacher and correct attitudes towards learning a language is the only way to get succeed in any second language acquisition.

Unit 2 – P5, M2, D2

In this essay, I am going to explain the main ways of promoting anti-discriminatory practice, which are; implementing government policies and guidelines at local level by managers and employees, staff training and development, challenging work colleagues who demonstrate discriminatory behaviour and telling a higher authority when rules are broken.I am also going to give examples of these strategies being used in a setting, give difficulties to each strategy and also justify ways of overcoming the difficulties. Implementing government policies and guidelines at local level by managers and employees means that you are making sure that employees and managers follow and promote policies, procedures and guidelines which are set out by the government for health and social care settings to follow.Examples of this being used is the manual handling policy being used when lifting and moving an elderly resident for a bath or out of bed, another example is the data protection act when storing ho spital records of a patient in a safe environment where only professionals can get access to it and the last example is COSHH and being aware of how to deal with body fluids in a health and social care setting and how to deal with waste.There are some difficulties that could arise when trying to use this strategy include staff in the setting be unaware of the policies, procedures and legislations that are in place to help the, untrained staff so they don’t really know what they are doing and the updating of policies and procedures.Although there are difficulties, there are ways of overcoming these difficulties such as staff training, managers having a zero tolerance policy in the setting, assigning someone to update the policies, procedures and legislations on a regular basis as they change, regular meetings to ensure that all staff are aware of the training needed and having CPD (continuing professional development) sessions.Using these ways to overcome the difficulties that arise during the strategy to identify discrimination is important because the less difficulties that there are for the strategy means that the strategy is more likely to work without any complications and will mean that all staff are trained to know all of the policies and procedures to help the service users and ensure that they are not in risk of harm. Staff training and development is there for service providers to use to teach new knowledge and to add to the workers knowledge, to teach all of the service workers of the policies and procedures and to keep them updated f any changes that happen within the policy and procedure and to ensure that they understand these changes and training and know how to put them into practice. An example of this being used is when service workers need to protect the service users from harm by using the safeguarding policy of the setting, another example is using the confidentiality procedure when a service user provides you with information that t hey don’t want sharing and your job is to keep to the procedure unless it puts the service user in harm, puts others in harm or they have convicted a serious offence.Another example of this strategy being used in a health and social care setting is the data protection procedure when keep patients records safe in a hospital and not letting non-professionals see their records. Difficulties that could arise when using this strategy could be loss of concentration when being taught new training, confusion and not understanding what the training means, the tutor being confused and using the wrong words to teach the training and giving the wrong information and staff not attending the training.There are ways to overcome these difficulties, these ways include; having training that is suited to the staff needs, for example, only giving them training which is desperately needed for their job role and not going of track to what they need, to make the training easy to use, easy accessibl e so the staff can get to it easily and won’t have any excuses not to turn up, to make the training flexible and maybe making it so that the staff won’t have to miss any of their job to do the training, to make the training interesting and finding different ways of learning, to make sure that all staff will turn up to the training make it compulsory so that they have to do the training to do the job but respect individuals values and beliefs and ensure comfortableness when the staff are doing the training so they are more likely to concentrate. Telling a higher authority when rules are broken means that all staff must know where to go to report any discriminatory behaviour in their setting, for example, reporting the incident to their manager or supervisor, but if it was their manager or supervisor who was being discriminated against or was doing the discriminatory behaviour, going to the external authority and knowing where to find them. An example of this is a nurse witnessing another nurse using di scriminatory behaviour against a patient; the witness must then pass it on their supervisors who will then resolve the problem. Another example is in a are home and a group of staff are being discriminated against by their supervisor because of their race, the staffs who are being discriminated against must report this behaviour to an external member of the setting – this is usually the authority or the manager of the care home/company. Difficulties that could arise when this strategy is putting put in practice include, staff may feel intimidated when going to high authority to report the incident and therefore may not report the incident causing the problem to get worse, the authority may not think that the problem is important so may not follow up the complaint for a while – or not at all, which would confuse the staff and make them feel worse because nothing is being done about their complaint and the behaviour from staff in the env ironment and some authority may not know how to deal with some discriminatory behaviour and therefore won’t do anything about the complaint.Ways to overcome these difficulties include keeping the reporters name confidential, and the reporter making sure that the report is followed up by checking that something has been done or dealt with, another way is to make sure that all high authority is trained into knowing how to deal with discriminatory behaviour. Challenging work colleagues who demonstrate discriminatory behaviour means to take action against those who participate in discrimination within the environment who are discriminating against another – another work colleague or a service user. An example of this is if a staff member is discriminating against a student in the setting and treating them differently because they have a disability, the person who witnesses this discrimination must report this to the programme manager who would then deal with the staff memb er in the appropriate way.Another example is a senior nurse reporting discriminating behaviour of another staff because of their mental health issue and the person who was given the report will look into the complaint and deal with the behaviour. Difficulties that can arise when this strategy is being put into action in a health and social care environment is there could be violence between staff members because of a reporting, there could be gossiping in the environment because a member of staff was dealt with because of discriminating behaviour, staff not knowing what discrimination is and therefore not knowing when or how to challenge other members of staff when they are using discriminating behaviour and the reporter may be victimised if the staff member who was discriminating finds out who reported them and they may feel uncomfortable around them.Ways to overcome these difficulties is to use policies and procedures to ensure that staff knows what to do in a discrimination situa tion, staff knowing what discrimination is and having a better awareness of it, explain to staff members why you have reported them and give evidence of the discrimination. I am now going to explain how staff workers and employers in a health and social care setting can make sure that they don’t let personal beliefs and value systems get in the way of being a health and social care professional. The main ways we can do this is to develop greater self-awareness and tolerance of differences, committing to the care value base, careful use of language and working within legal, ethical and policy guidelines.I am going to explain what these mean and also justify them, say why they are important to use in a health and social care environment. Developing a greater self-awareness and tolerance of differences means to know the about the differences between all individuals and understand that every individual will have different needs and to be aware of these needs and how to deal with them. This is important because this will tell staff members how to deal with anti-discriminatory and ensure that they understand how to deal with it, but also how to spot when discriminating behaviour is happening in the environment. Knowing when discrimination is happening and dealing with the situation will prevent situations in future happening between other staff members or service users.Tolerance is important to ensure everyone has equal opportunities. It is essential that you are aware of how you think of yourself and how you treat others and the reasons behind your behaviour, by doing this you will become more aware of others needs and also of other’s needs. Committing to the care value base; ‘The care value base is a set of rules or regulations and guidelines that every care practitioner has to follow in order to provide service to their or other clients or patients’ [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Care_value_base]. The main thee rules of the care value base are; promoting equality and diversity of service users, promoting individual rights and beliefs and maintaining confidentiality.Committing to these rules means that whilst you are in the health and social care profession, you must not discriminate against any service users because of their age, culture, race, belief etc. , it also means that you must promote individuals rights and commit to their needs and know how to deal with their beliefs, these rules also include maintaining confidentiality, which means to not share personal information unless it is necessary. Committing to the care value base is important because it keeps the service users in your environment safe and out of harm, it also means that you will be honest with yourself and decide if you can commit to these rules; this will ensure that you can work within a health and social care environment.Careful use of language means that you need to be aware of other people’s language and how you communicate with th em, this is important because if you do not know the correct way to communicate with someone, they won’t be able to understand what you are trying to say to them and this could result in you giving them the wrong needs, wrong medication or leaving them in pain. It is important to ensure that you are communicating with a service user or worker in their preferred method of communication – this could be the spoken language, sign language, braille or another form of communication. Some people may use another person to support their communication such as an interpreter or translator. Using someone’s preferred communication is important because they need to understand what is happening to them in order for them to feel comfortable with you and to ensure that their health is being properly looked after.Working within legal, ethical and policy guidelines, this means that there are a lot of guidelines to work by in the health and social care profession and working in the health and social care environments means that you are committed to using these guidelines to keep the service users safe. This is important so that service users don’t get in any harm and therefore will make your job easier to do if you know what to do in each situation. Following procedures of the setting that an individual is working in is important because it shows that they can understand the rules of the setting and are committed to working in the setting and committed to keeping other people’s lives out of risk of any harm that they may come into.

Learn How to Conjugate Parler (to Talk) in French

The French verb  parler  literally means to talk or to speak. Youll find it used in a variety of idiomatic expressions and in order to use it properly, youll definitely want to know how to conjugate it. A quick lesson will introduce you to this very useful verb while learning many common phrases. Conjugating the French Verb  Parler We must learn how to conjugate verbs in order to place them in the correct tense for our sentences. By understanding how to do so, youll be able to use  parler  in the past tense, talked, the future tense will talk, and the present tense am talking. French students will be happy to know that parler is a  regular -er  verb. It follows the most common conjugation pattern in the French language, so learning how to conjugate it is relatively easy. If youve studied other regular -er  verbs, you can apply what you learned with those to this one. To begin, we must identify the verb stem, which is  parl. To this, we will add a variety of endings that match both the subject pronoun and the tense of the sentence. The most common forms of this are the indicative moods, which are found in this first chart. Using it, you will learn that I am talking is  je parle  and we will talk is  nous parlerons. Practice these in context to help speed up your memorization. Present Future Imperfect je parle parlerai parlais tu parles parleras parlais il parle parlera parlait nous parlons parlerons parlions vous parlez parlerez parliez ils parlent parleront parlaient The  present participle  of  parler  is  parlant. This is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem. Another form of the past tense is the passà © composà ©. To form it for  parler, you will use the auxiliary verb  avoir  along with the past participle  parlà ©. For instance, we spoke is  nous avons parlà ©. Among the other basic conjugations you may need for parler are the subjunctive and the conditional. These two verb moods imply that the act of talking may or may not happen depending on circumstances and there are rules for using both. Also, the passà © simple and the imperfect subjunctive may be useful, particularly if you do a lot of formal reading or writing in French. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je parle parlerais parlai parlasse tu parles parlerais parlas parlasses il parle parlerait parla parlt nous parlions parlerions parlmes parlassions vous parliez parleriez parltes parlassiez ils parlent parleraient parlrent parlassent The imperative verb mood is used to say short commands such as, Talk! When using it, skip the subject pronoun and simply say, Parle ! Imperative (tu) parle (nous) parlons (vous) parlez Expressions With  Parler Learn how to babble, be a good speaker, make small talk, and more with these expressions that use  parler. When the expression defines a subject, the proper conjugation is included for you. Others will require you to use your new conjugations skills to form a sentence. Ways to Talk   There are many forms of talking and ways to describe this action. Each requires some form of  parler  and many of these will need to be conjugated. parler to talk to parler tort et travers to talk drivel, babble parler au coeur to speak to the heart parler du fond du coeur to speak from the heart parler avec les mains to speak with ones hands se parler to talk to oneself; to talk to one another le parler speech, dialect le parler de tous les jours everyday language le parler vrai straight talking le parler vulgaire vulgar/coarse way of speaking parler par nigmesparler par paraboles to speak in riddles parler par gestes to use sign language Describing How Someones Talking You can use adjectives to describe the manner in which someone is talking. Here are a few common examples to give you a good foundation for saying such things in French. parler crment to speak bluntly parler distinctement to speak distinctly parler franc to speak frankly parler dor to speak words of wisdom parler pour ne rien dire to talk for the sake of talking You Speak Well (or  Not) There are also many common phrases that refer to how well someone speaks. These are useful, especially when youre new to the language. parler bien to speak well, be a good speaker parler mal to speak poorly, not be a good speaker parler comme un livre (derogatory) to talk like a book parler le franais comme une vache espagnole (informal) to speak French terribly, literally to speak French like a Spanish cow parler le franais couramment to speak French fluently Parlez-vous anglais ? Do you speak English? Parlez-vous franais ? Do you speak French? Voil qui est (bien) parl ! Here! Here! Well said! Things to Talk About In conversation, you will have many things to talk about. Using these phrases as a base, you can substitute words and explain that youre talking about almost anything. parler de to talk about parler affaires to talk about business parler boutique (informal) to talk shop parler de choses et dautres to talk about this and that, to make small talk parler de faire quelque chose to talk about doing something parler de la pluie et du beau temps to talk about this and that, to make small talk parler politique to talk politics To Complain Talking does come with complaining at times, so you might need these phrases on occasion. parler du nez to speak through ones nose parler en lair to talk without acting, to complain but not do anything parler mal de quelquun to speak ill of someone aimer scouter parler to like to hear oneself talk, to like the sound of ones own voice I Heard... Other common French expressions refer to hearing someone speak about something or someone else. Remember to conjugate  parler  as needed for these. dire quelquun sa faon de parler to tell someone what one thinks/feels entendre parler de... to hear (someone talking) about... faire parler to make talk, loosen ones tongue, draw out faire parler de soi to get oneself talked about ne jamais en parler to never talk about something Talk About Yourself When you want to tell someone about yourself, youll find these expressions helpful. Je parle franais. I speak French. Je parle un peu de franais. I speak a little French. Je ne parle pas franais. I dont speak French. Mais je parle, je parle... But enough about me... moi qui vous parle I myself/personally Talk About or To Someone Else In other instances, you might be speaking about someone else. There are also a few phrases in this list that can be used when talking directly to someone. parler pour quelquun to speak for someone, on someones behalf vous parler franc to be frank with you Vous navez qu parler. Just say the word. On parle beaucoup de lui comme... Hes being talked about as a possible/likely... Nous ne nous parlons pas. Were not speaking (at the moment). Ne men parlez pas ! (informal) Youre telling me! Tu parles ! (informal) Youre telling me!, You must be joking! Parlons-en ! (informal) Fat chance! You must be joking! Tu peux parler ! (informal) You can talk! Youre a fine one to talk! Tu parles si... ! (informal) You must be joking if...! A fat lot of... ! Tu parles dun... ! Talk about a...! Nen parlons plus ! Lets not talk about that any more. On ma beaucoup parl de vous. Ive heard a lot about you. Quand on parle du loup (on en voit la queue). Speak of the devil (and he appears). Just to Clarify When you need to clarify a point in French or ask someone else to do so, knowing these phrases will come in handy. Parle pour toi ! Speak for yourself! Parlez plus fort. Speak up. Parlons peu mais parlons bien. Lets get straight to the point. sans parler de... not to mention..., let alone... ...et je ne parle pas de... not to mention... Everyones Talking   Is everyone talking about something? If so, then youll want to know how to tell someone else. On ne parle que de a. Thats all people are talking about. Tout le monde en parle. Everyones talking about it. Toute la ville en parle. Its the talk of the town. Unusual Uses of  Parler While  parler  means to talk, there are instances in which it has other meanings. As you can see in the following expressions, the verb can be deceptive at times and its all about the context of the sentence. Tout me parle de toi. Everything reminds me of you. parler limagination to appeal to the imagination parler aux yeux to appeal to the eye trouver qui parler to meet ones match faire parler la poudre to start a gunfight/war Cest vous de parler. (card game) Its your bid. Figures of Speech Well finish up with a few common figures of speech that also use  parler. These are nice additions to your French vocabulary and can help you remain part of any conversation. Cest une faon de parler. Its (just) a figure of speech. Ce ... me parle. This... really speaks to me. Ce ... ne me parle pas. This... doesnt do anything for me. Cest parler un mur. Its like talking to a wall. Le devoir a parl. Duty called. Les faits parlent deux-mmes. The facts speak for themselves.